Production of humanized antibodies in transgenic animals

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to humanized antibodies and antibody preparations produced from transgenic non-human animals. The non-human animals are genetically engineered to contain one or more humanized immunoglobulin loci which are capable of undergoing gene rearrangement and gene conversion in the transgenic non-human animals to produce diversified humanized immunoglobulins. The present invention further relates to novel sequences, recombination vectors and transgenic vectors useful for making these transgenic animals. The humanized antibodies of the present invention have minimal immunogenicity to humans and are appropriate for use in the therapeutic treatment of human subjects.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application claiming the benefit of the priority ofcopending application Ser. No. 09/921,819, filed Aug. 3, 2001 under 35U.S.C. 120, which is a non-provisional application filed under 37 CFR1.53(b), claiming priority under 35 USC 119(e) to ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 60/222,872, filed on Aug. 3, 2000, and ProvisionalApplication Ser. No. 60/276,156, filed on Mar. 15, 2001, the contents ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF INVENTION

This invention relates to humanized antibodies produced from transgenicnon-human animals. The non-human animals are genetically engineered tocontain one or more humanized immunoglobulin loci which are capable ofundergoing gene rearrangement and gene conversion in the transgenicnon-human animals to produce diversified humanized immunoglobulins. Thepresent invention further relates to novel sequences, recombinationvectors and transgenic vectors useful for making these transgenicanimals. The humanized antibodies of the present invention have minimalimmunogenicity to humans and are appropriate for use in the therapeutictreatment of human subjects.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The therapy of infectious diseases caused by bacteria, fungi, virus andparasites is largely based on chemotherapy. However, the emergence ofdrug-resistant organisms requires the continuous development of newantibiotics. Therapies of patients with malignancies and cancer are alsobased on chemotherapy. However, many of these therapies are ineffectiveand the mortality of diseased patients is high. For both infectiousdiseases and cancer, improved and innovative therapies are needed.Therapy of steroid resistant rejection of transplanted organs requiresthe use of biological reagents (monoclonal or polyclonal antibodypreparations) that reverse the ongoing alloimmune response in thetransplant recipient. The major problem of antibody preparationsobtained from animals is the intrinsic immunogenicity of non-humanimmunoglobulins in human patients. In order to reduce the immunogenicityof non-human antibodies, genetic engineering of individual antibodygenes in animals has been proposed. In particular, it has been shownthat by fusing animal variable (V) region exons with human constant (C)region exons, a chimeric antibody gene can be obtained. However, thisapproach may only eliminate the immunogenicity caused by the non-humanFc region, while the remaining non-human Fab sequences may still beimmunogenic. In another approach, human immunoglobulin genes for both,heavy and light chain immunoglobulins have been introduced into thegenome of mice. While this genetic engineering approach resulted in theexpression of human immunoglobulin polypeptides in geneticallyengineered mice, the level of human immunoglobulin expression is low.This may be due to species-specific regulatory elements in theimmunoglobulin loci that are necessary for efficient expression ofimmunoglobulins. As demonstrated in transfected cell lines, regulatoryelements present in human immunoglobulin genes may not function properlyin non-human animals.

Several regulatory elements in immunoglobulin genes have been described.Of particular importance are enhancers downstream (3′) of heavy chainconstant regions and intronic enhancers in light chain genes. Inaddition, other, yet to be identified, control elements may be presentin immunoglobulin genes. Studies in mice have shown that the membraneand cytoplasmic tail of the membrane form of immunoglobulin moleculesplay an important role in expression levels of human-mouse chimericantibodies in the serum of mice homozygous for the human Cγ1 gene.Therefore, for the expression of heterologous immunoglobulin genes inanimals it is desirable to replace sequences that contain enhancerelements and exons encoding transmembrane (M1 exon) and cytoplasmic tail(M2 exon) with sequences that are normally found in the animal insimilar positions.

The introduction of human immunoglobulin genes into the genome of miceresulted in expression of a diversified human antibody repertoire ingenetically engineered mice. In both mice and humans, antibody diversityis generated by gene rearrangement. This process results in thegeneration of many different recombined V(D)J segments encoding a largenumber of antibody molecules with different antigen binding sites.However, in other animals, like rabbits, pigs, cows and birds, antibodydiversity is generated by a substantially different mechanism calledgene conversion. For example, it is well established that in rabbit andchicken, VDJ rearrangement is very limited (almost 90% of immunoglobulinis generated with the 3′proximal VH1 element) and antibody diversity isgenerated by gene conversion and hypermutation. In contrast, mouse andhuman gene conversion occurs very rarely, if at all. Therefore, it isexpected that in animals that diversify antibodies by gene conversion agenetic engineering approach based on gene rearrangement will result inanimals with low antibody titers and limited antibody diversity. Thus,the genetic engineering of large animals for the production ofnon-immunogenic antibody preparations for human therapy requiresalternative genetic engineering strategies.

Relevant Literature

The use of polyclonal antibody preparations for the treatment oftransplant rejection was recently reviewed by N. Bonnefoy-Berard et al.,J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15(5): 435-442; C. Colby et al., AnnPharmacother 1996; 30(10):1164-1174; M. J. Dugan et al., Ann Hematol1997; 75(1-2):41-46. The use of polyclonal antibody therapies forautoimmune diseases has been described by W. Cendrowski, Boll IstSieroter Milan 1997; 58(4):339-343; L. K. Kastrukoffet al., Can J NeurolSci 1978; 5(2):175-178; J. E. Walker et al., J Neurol Sci 1976;29(24):303-309. The depletion of fat cells using antibody preparationshas been described by L. De Clercq et al., J Anim Sci 1997;75(7):1791-1797; J. T. Wright et al., Obes Res 1995; 3(3):265-272.

Regulatory elements in immunoglobulin genes have been described byBradley et al. (1999), Transcriptional enhancers and the evolution ofthe IgH locus; Lauster, R. et al., Embo J 12: 4615-23 (1993); Volgina etal., J Immunol 165:6400 (2000); Hole et al., J Immunol 146:4377 (1991).

Antibody diversification by gene conversion in chicken and rabbit hasbeen described by Bucchini et al., Nature 326: 409-11 (1987); Knight etal., Advances in Immunology 56: 179-218 (1994); Langman et al., ResImmunol 144: 422-46 (1993). The generation of mice expressinghuman-mouse chimeric antibodies has been described by Pluschke et al.,Journal of Immunological Methods 215: 27-37 (1998). The generation ofmice expressing human-mouse chimeric antibodies with mouse derivedmembrane and cytoplamic tails has been described by Zou et al., Science262: 1271-1274 (1993); Zou et al. Curr Biol 4: 1099-1103. The generationof mice expressing human immunoglobulin polypeptides has been describedby Bruggemann et al. Curr Opin Biotechnol 8(4): 455-8 (1997); Lonberg etal. Int Rev Immunol 13(1):65-93 (1995); Neuberger et al., Nature 338:350-2 (1989). Generation of transgenic mice using a BAC clone has beendescribed by Yang et al., Nat Biotechnol 15: 859-65 (1997).

The generation of transgenic rabbits has been described by Fan, J. etal., Pathol Int 49: 583-94 (1999); Brem et al., Mol Reprod Dev 44: 56-62(1996). Nuclear transfer cloning of rabbits has been described by Sticeet al., Biology of Reproduction 39: 657-664 (1988). Rabbits withimpaired immunoglobulin expression have been described byMcCartney-Francis et al., Mol Immunol 24: 357-64 (1987); Allegrucci, etal., Eur J Immunol 21: 411-7 (1991).

The production of transgenic chicken has been described by Etches etal., Methods in Molecular Biology 62: 433-450; Pain et al., CellsTissues Organs 1999; 165(3-4): 212-9; Sang, H., “Transgenicchickens—methods and potential applications”, Trends Biotechnol 12:415(1994); and in WO 200075300, “Introducing a nucleic acid into an aviangenome, useful for transfecting avian blastodermal cells for producingtransgenic avian animals with the desired genes, by directly introducingthe nucleic acid into the germinal disc of the egg”.

Agammaglobulinemic chicken have been described by Frommel et al., JImmunol 105(1): 1-6 (1970); Benedict et al., Adv Exp Med Biol 1977;88(2): 197-205.

The cloning of animals from cells has been described by T. Wakayama etal., Nature 1998; 394:369-374; J. B. Cibelli et al., Science280:1256-1258 (1998); J. B. Cibelli et al., Nature Biotechnology 1998;16:642-646; A. E. Schnieke et al., Science 278: 2130-2133 (1997); K. H.Campbell et al., Nature 380: 64-66 (1996).

Production of antibodies from transgenic animals is described in U.S.Pat. Nos. 5,814,318, 5,545,807 and 5,570,429. Homologous recombinationfor chimeric mammalian hosts is exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 5,416,260.A method for introducing DNA into an embryo is described in U.S. Pat.No. 5,567,607. Maintenance and expansion of embryonic stem cells isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,357.

The mechanisms involved in the diversification of the antibodyrepertoire in pigs, sheep and cows are reviewed in Butler, J. E. (1998),“Immunoglobulin diversity, B-cell and antibody repertoire development inlarge farm animals”, Rev Sci Tech 17:43. Antibody diversification insheep is described in Reynaud, C. A., C. Garcia, W. R. Hein, and J. C.Weill (1995), “Hypermutation generating the sheep immunoglobulinrepertoire is an antigen-independent process”, Cell 80:115; and Dufour,V., S. Malinge, and F. Nau. (1996), “The sheep Ig variable regionrepertoire consists of a single VH family”, J Immunol 156:2163.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention provides humanized antibodies(humanized immunoglobulins) having at least a portion of a humanimmunoglobulin polypeptide sequence.

The humanized antibodies of the present invention are made fromtransgenic non-human animals genetically engineered to contain one ormore humanized Ig loci.

Preferably, the humanized antibodies of the present invention areprepared from transgenic non-human animals which generate antibodydiversity primarily by gene conversion and hypermutation, e.g., rabbit,pigs, chicken, sheep, cow and horse. The antibodies can be made byimmunizing transgenic animals with a desired antigen such as aninfectious agent (e.g., bacteria or viruses) or parts or fragmentsthereof.

Such humanized antibodies have reduced immunogenicity to primates,especially humans, as compared to non-humanized antibodies prepared fromnon-human animals. Therefore, the humanized antibodies of the presentinvention are appropriate for use in the therapeutic treatment of humansubjects.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides a preparation ofhumanized antibodies which can be monoclonal antibodies or polyclonalantibodies. Preferred antibody preparations of the present invention arepolyclonal antibody preparations which, according to the presentinvention, have minimal immunogenicity to primates, especially humans.

A preferred preparation of polyclonal antibodies is composed ofhumanized immunoglobulin molecules having at least a heavy chain orlight chain constant region polypeptide sequence encoded by a humanconstant region gene segment. More preferably, the variable domains ofthe heavy chains or light chains of the immunoglobulins molecules arealso encoded by human gene segments.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceuticalcompositions which include a preparation of humanized antibodies, and apharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides novel sequencesfrom the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the Ig gene segments of non-humananimals, preferably, animals which rely primarily on gene conversion ingenerating the antibody diversity. In particular, the present inventionprovides novel nucleotide sequences downstream (3′, 3-prime) of thegenes coding for Cλ in chickens, Cγ and Cε in rabbits, Cγ1,2,3 in cowsand Cγ1,2 in sheep, as well as novel sequences 5′ of rabbit Cγ.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides recombinationvectors useful for replacing an Ig gene segment of a non-human animalwith the corresponding human Ig gene segment. These vectors include ahuman Ig gene segment which is linked to flanking sequences at the 5′end and the 3′ end, wherein the flanking sequences are homologous to theflanking sequences of the target animal Ig gene segment.

Preferred recombination vectors are those useful for the replacement ofthe animal's Ig constant region. For example, recombination vectorsuseful for replacing the rabbit heavy chain constant region genes areprovided. A preferred vector contains from 5′ to 3′, a nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13, or a portion ofSEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ ID NO: 13, a human heavy chain constant region genesegment, a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or aportion of or SEQ ID NO: 10. Another preferred vector contains anucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 51, which sequence ischaracterized as having a human Cγ1 gene linked to flanking sequencesfrom the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of a rabbit heavy chain constantregion gene.

Recombination vectors are also provided useful for replacing the rabbitlight chain constant region genes. A preferred vector contains anucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53, which sequence ischaracterized as having a human Cκ linked to flanking sequences from the5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the rabbit light chain Cγ1 gene.

Other recombination vectors are provided which are useful for replacingthe chicken light chain constant region genes. A preferred vectorcontains a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 57 which ischaracterized as having a human Cλ2 linked to flanking sequences fromthe 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the chicken light chain Cλ gene.

Other recombination vectors provided include those useful for replacingthe animal's Ig V region elements. For example, a recombination vectoruseful for replacing a rabbit heavy chain V region element is providedand contains SEQ ID NO: 52. A recombination vector usefull for replacinga rabbit light chain V region element is provided and contains SEQ IDNO: 54.

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides transgenicconstructs or vectors containing at least one humanized Ig locus, i.e.,an Ig locus from a non-human animal or a portion of an Ig locus from anon-human animal wherein the locus or the portion of a locus isgenetically modified to contain at least one human Ig gene segment. Suchhumanized Ig locus has the capacity to undergo gene rearrangement andgene conversion in the non-human animal thereby producing a diversifiedrepertoire of humanized immunoglobulins.

One humanized Ig locus provided by the invention is a humanized heavychain locus which includes one or more V gene segments, one or more Dgene segments, one or more J gene segments, and one or more constantregion gene segments, wherein at least one gene segment is a human heavychain gene segment. The gene segments in the humanized heavy chain locusare juxtaposed with respect to each other in an unrearranged, orpartially or fully rearranged configuration. A preferred humanized heavychain locus contains a human constant region gene segment, preferably,Cαor Cγ. A more preferred humanized locus contains multiple V genesegments and at least one human V gene segment, in addition to a humanheavy chain constant region segment. The human V gene segment is placeddownstream of the non-human V gene segments.

Another humanized Ig locus is a humanized light chain locus whichincludes one or more V gene segments, one or more J gene segments, andone or more constant region gene segments, wherein at least one genesegment is a human light chain gene segment. The gene segments in thehumanized light chain locus are juxtaposed with respect to each other inan unrearranged or rearranged configuration. A preferred humanized lightchain locus contains a human constant region gene segment, preferably,Cλ or Cκ. More preferably, the humanized light chain locus furthercontains multiple V gene segments and at least one human V gene segment.The human V gene segment is placed downstream of the non-human V genesegments. Even more preferably, the humanized light chain locus includesa rearranged human VJ segment, placed downstream of a number of (e.g.,10-100) VL gene segments of either non-human or human origin.

Another embodiment of the present invention is directed to methods ofmaking a transgenic vector containing a humanized Ig locus by isolatingan Ig locus or a portion of an Ig locus from a non-human animal, andintegrating the desired human Ig gene segment(s) into the isolatedanimal Ig locus or the isolated portion of an Ig locus. The human Iggene segment(s) are integrated into the isolated animal Ig locus or theisolated portion of an Ig locus by ligation or homologous recombinationin such a way as to retain the capacity of the locus for undergoingeffective gene rearrangement and gene conversion in the non-humananimal. Integration of a human Ig gene segment by homologousrecombination can be accomplished by using the recombination vectors ofthe present invention.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides methods of makingtransgenic animals capable of producing humanized antibodies. Thetransgenic animals can be made by introducing a transgenic vectorcontaining a humanized Ig locus, or a recombination vector containing ahuman Ig gene segment, into a recipient cell or cells of an animal, andderiving an animal from the genetically modified recipient cell orcells.

Transgenic animals containing one or more humanized Ig loci, and cellsderived from such transgenic animals (such as B cells from an immunizedtransgenic animal) are also provided. The transgenic animals of thepresent invention are capable of gene rearranging and gene convertingthe transgenic humanized Ig loci to produce a diversified repertoire ofhumanized immunoglobulin molecules.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Cow Cγ 3′ flanking sequences. Primers are shown in shaded boxes.The 5′ primer is in CH3, and the 3′ primer is in M1. The sequences ofclone 11, clone 3, and clone 5 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO:4 and SEQ ID NO: 5, respectively.

FIG. 2. Sheep Cγ 3′ flanking sequences. Primers are shown in shadedboxes. The 5′ primer is in CH3, and the 3′ primer is in M2. Thesequences of clone 11 and clone 1 are set forth in SEQ ID NO: 8 and SEQID NO: 9, respectively.

FIG. 3. A novel 3′ flanking sequence (SEQ ID NO: 10) of the rabbitCgamma gene.

FIG. 4. A novel nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 11) 3′ of the rabbitCkappa 1 gene.

FIG. 5. Novel nucleotide sequences (SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQ ID NO: 13) 5′of the rabbit Cgamma gene. The sequences between SEQ ID NO: 12 and SEQID NO: 13 (a gap of about 1000 nt) remain to be determined.

FIG. 6. Comparison of human, mouse, rabbit, sheep, cow and camelsequences for the M1 and M2 regions 3′ of the Cgamma gene.

FIG. 7 a. DNA construct for the replacement of rabbit Cκ with human Cκ.A 0.5 kb fragment containing a DNA sequence encoding human Cλ is flankedby sequences from the rabbit Cκ1 gene. The upstream sequence (5′Cκ) is2.8 kb, the downstream sequence (3′Cκ) is 2.6 kb. The vector alsocontains a lox-neo cassette for positive selection and a Hsv-Tk casettefor negative selection.

FIG. 7 b. DNA construct for the replacement of rabbit Cγ with human Cγ1.A 1.8 kb fragment containing a DNA sequence encoding human Cγ1 isflanked by sequences from the rabbit Cγ gene. The upstream sequence(5′Cγ) is 1.9 kb, the downstream sequence (3′Cγ) is 3.1 kb. The vectoralso contains a lox-neo casette for positive selection and a Hsv-Tkcassette for negative selection. The figure is not up to scale.

FIG. 8. DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 51) containing a human immunoglobulinheavy chain Cγ1 gene segment flanked by 50 nucleotides derived from theflanking regions of rabbit Cγ gene. Flanking sequences derived from theflanking regions of rabbit Cγ gene are underlined.

FIG. 9. DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 52) containing a V gene segment withmore than 80% sequence identity with rabbit V elements and encoding ahuman V element polypeptide sequence. Flanking sequences derived fromthe flanking regions of rabbit VH1 and J genes are underlined.

FIG. 10. DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 53) containing a human immunoglobulinheavy chain Cκ gene segment flanked by 50 nucleotides derived from therabbit light chain immunoglobulin Kappal gene. Flanking sequencesderived from the flanking regions of rabbit Cκ gene are underlined.

FIG. 11. DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 54) containing a V gene segment withmore than 80% sequence identity with rabbit V elements and encoding ahuman V element polypeptide sequence. Flanking sequences derived fromthe flanking regions of rabbit immunoglobulin V and J genes areunderlined.

FIG. 12. DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 57) containing a gene encoding humanimmunoglobulin light chain constant region Clambda2 flanked by 50nucleotides (underlined) derived from the flanking sequences of chickenClambda gene.

FIG. 13. Modification of the chicken light chain locus using the ETsystem. A chicken genomic BAC clone with the full-length light chainlocus was modified by homologous recombination. In a first step Cλ wasdeleted by insertion of a selection cassette which was in a secondhomologous recombination step exchanged against the human Cλ gene.

FIG. 14. DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 58) containing a VJ gene segment with80% sequence identity with chicken V gene segments and encoding a humanVJ immunoglobulin polypeptide. Flanking sequences derived from theflanking regions of chicken immunolgobulin V and J genes are underlined.

FIG. 15. Modified chicken light chain locus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One embodiment of the present invention provides humanizedimmunoglobulins (antibodies).

By “a humanized antibody” or “a humanized immunoglobulin” is meant animmunoglobulin molecule having at least a portion of a humanimmunoglobulin polypeptide sequence (or a polypeptide sequence encodedby a human Ig gene segment). The humanized immunoglobulin molecules ofthe present invention can be isolated from a transgenic non-human animalengineered to produce humanized immunoglobulin molecules. Such humanizedimmunoglobulin molecules are less immunogenic to primates, especiallyhumans, relative to non-humanized immunoglobulin molecules prepared fromthe animal or prepared from cells derived from the animal.

The term “non-human animals” as used herein includes, but is not limitedto, rabbits, pigs, birds (e.g., chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and thelike), sheep, goats, cows and horses. Preferred non-human animals arethose animals which rely primarily on gene conversion and/or somatichypermutation to generate antibody diversity, e.g., rabbit, pigs, birds(e.g., chicken, turkey, duck, goose and the like), sheep, goat, and cow.Particularly preferred non-human animals are rabbit and chicken.

In animals such as human and mouse, there are multiple copies of V, Dand J gene segments on the heavy chain locus, and multiple copies of Vand J gene segments on a light chain locus. Antibody diversity in theseanimals is generated primarily by gene rearrangement, i.e., differentcombinations of gene segments to form rearranged heavy chain variableregion and light chain variable region. In other animals (e.g., rabbit,chicken, sheep, goat, and cow), however, gene rearrangement does notplay a significant role in the generation of antibody diversity. Forexample, in rabbit, only a very limited number of the V gene segments,most often the V gene segments at the 3′ end of the V-region, are usedin gene rearrangement to form a contiguous VDJ segment. In chicken, onlyone V gene segment (the one adjacent to the D region, or “the 3′proximal V gene segment”), one D segment and one J segment are used inthe heavy chain rearrangement; and only one V gene segment (the 3′proximal V segment) and one J segment are used in the light chainrearrangement. Thus, in these animals, there is little diversity amonginitially rearranged variable region sequences resulting from junctionaldiversification.

Further diversification of the rearranged Ig genes is achieved by geneconversion, a process in which short sequences derived from the upstreamV gene segments replace short sequences within the V gene segment in therearranged Ig gene.

The term “Ig gene segment” as used herein refers to segments of DNAencoding various portions of an Ig molecule, which are present in thegermline of animals and humans, and which are brought together in Bcells to form rearranged Ig genes. Thus, Ig gene segments as used hereininclude V gene segments, D gene segments, J gene segments and C regiongene segments.

The term “human Ig gene segment” as used herein includes both naturallyoccurring sequences of a human Ig gene segment, degenerate forms ofnaturally occurring sequences of a human Ig gene segment, as well assynthetic sequences that encode a polypeptide sequence substantiallyidentical to the polypeptide encoded by a naturally occurring sequenceof a human Ig gene segment. By “substantially” is meant that the degreeof amino acid sequence identity is at least about 85%-95%.

A preferred humanized immunoglobulin molecule of the present inventioncontains at least a portion of a human heavy or light chain constantregion polypeptide sequence. A more preferred immunoglobulin moleculecontains at least a portion of a human heavy or light chain constantregion polypeptide sequence, and at least a portion of a human variabledomain polypeptide sequence.

In another embodiment of the present invention, a preparation ofhumanized antibodies is provided.

By “a preparation of humanized antibodies” or “a humanized antibodypreparation” is meant an isolated antibody product or a purifiedantibody product prepared from a transgenic non-human animal (e.g.,serum, milk, or egg yolk of the animal) or from cells derived from atransgenic non-human animal (e.g., a B-cell or a hybridoma cell).

A humanized antibody preparation can be a preparation of polyclonalantibodies, which includes a repertoire of humanized immunoglobulinmolecules. A humanized antibody preparation can also be a preparation ofa monoclonal antibody.

Although the immunogenicity to humans of a humanized monoclonal antibodypreparation is also reduced as compared to a non-humanized monoclonalantibody preparation, humanized polyclonal antibody preparations arepreferred embodiments of the present invention. It has been recognizedthat humanized monoclonal antibodies still invoke some degree of animmune response (an anti-idiotype response) in primates (e.g., humans)when administered repeatedly in large quantities because of the uniqueand novel idiotype of the monoclonal antibody. The present inventorshave uniquely recognized that the overall immunogenicity of polyclonalantibodies is less dependent on an anti-idiotype response. For example,polyclonal antibodies made from non-human animals with only the constantregion elements humanized (e.g., polyclonal antibodies having constantregions encoded by human gene segments, and having variable domainsencoded by the endogenous genes of the non-human animal), aresubstantially non-immunogenic to primates.

Without intending to be bound to any theory, the present inventors haveproposed that the reduced immunogenicity of such a humanized polyclonalantibody preparation is due to the fact that the preparation contains avery large number of different antibodies with many different idiotypeswhich are to a large extent defined by novel amino acid sequences in thecomplimentarity determining regions (CDR) of the heavy and light chain.Therefore, upon administration of such preparation into a primate suchas a human, the administered amount of each individual immunoglobulinmolecule in the preparation may be too low to solicit immune responseagainst each immunoglobulin molecule. Thus, the humanized polyclonalantibody preparation which has many different idiotypes and variableregions has minimal immunogenicity to a recipient, even if theantibodies in the polyclonal antibody preparation are all directed tothe same antigen. To further reduce any potential residualimmunogenicity, a humanized polyclonal antibody preparation may beprepared which is composed of immunoglobulin molecules having both thevariable domains and the constant regions encoded by human Ig genesegments.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides an antibodypreparation which includes humanized immunoglobulin molecules having atleast a portion of a human heavy or light chain constant regionpolypeptide sequence. More preferably, the humanized immunoglobulines inthe antibody preparation of the present invention further contain atleast a portion of a human variable domain polypeptide sequence, inaddition to at least a portion of a human constant region polypeptidesequence.

Preferred humanized antibody preparations of the present invention arecomposed of humanized antibodies made from transgenic non-human animalswhose antibody diversity is generated primarily by gene conversion, suchas rabbit, birds (e.g., chicken, turkey, duck, goose and the like),sheep, goat, and cow; preferably, rabbit and chicken.

Once a transgenic non-human animal capable of producing diversifiedhumanized immunoglobulin molecules is made (as further set forth below),humanized immunoglobulins and humanized antibody preparations against anantigen can be readily obtained by immunizing the animal with theantigen. A variety of antigens can be used to immunize a transgenic hostanimal. Such antigens include, microorganism, e.g. viruses andunicellular organisms (such as bacteria and fungi), alive, attenuated ordead, fragments of the microorganisms, or antigenic molecules isolatedfrom the microorganisms.

Preferred bacterial antigens for use in immunizing an animal includepurified antigens from Staphylococcus aureus such as capsularpolysaccharides type 5 and 8, recombinant versions of virulence factorssuch as alpha-toxin, adhesin binding proteins, collagen bindingproteins, and fibronectin binding proteins. Preferred bacterial antigensalso include an attenuated version of S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,enterococcus, enterobacter, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, or culturesupernatant from these bacteria cells. Other bacterial antigens whichcan be used in immunization include purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS),capsular antigens, capsular polysaccharides and/or recombinant versionsof the outer membrane proteins, fibronectin binding proteins, endotoxin,and exotoxin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, enterococcus, enterobacter,and Klebsiella pneumomae.

Preferred antigens for the generation of antibodies against fungiinclude attenuated version of fungi or outer membrane proteins thereof,which fungi include, but are not limited to, Candida albicans, Candidaparapsilosis, Candida tropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans.

Preferred antigens for use in immunization in order to generateantibodies against viruses include the envelop proteins and attenuatedversions of viruses which include, but are not limited to respiratorysynctial virus (RSV) (particularly the F-Protein), Hepatitis C virus(HCV), Hepatits B virus (HBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), EBV, and HSV.

Therapeutic antibodies can be generated for the treatment of cancer byimmunizing transgenic animals with isolated tumor cells or tumor celllines; tumor-associated antigens which include, but are not limited to,Her-2-neu antigen (antibodies against which are useful for the treatmentof breast cancer); CD20, CD22 and CD53 antigens (antibodies againstwhich are useful for the treatment of B cell lymphomas), (3) prostatespecific membrane antigen (PMSA) (antibodies against which are usefulfor the treatment of prostate cancer), and 17-1A molecule (antibodiesagainst which are useful for the treatment of colon cancer).

The antigens can be administered to a transgenic host animal in anyconvenient manner, with or without an adjuvant, and can be administeredin accordance with a predetermined schedule.

After immunization, serum or milk from the immunized transgenic animalscan be fractionated for the purification of pharmaceutical gradepolyclonal antibodies specific for the antigen. In the case oftransgenic birds, antibodies can also be made by fractionating eggyolks. A concentrated, purified immunoglobulin fraction may be obtainedby chromatography (affinity, ionic exchange, gel filtration, etc.),selective precipitation with salts such as ammonium sulfate, organicsolvents such as ethanol, or polymers such as polyethyleneglycol.

For making a monoclonal antibody, spleen cells are isolated from theimmunized transgenic animal and used either in cell fusion withtransformed cell lines for the production of hybridomas, or cDNAsencoding antibodies are cloned by standard molecular-biology techniquesand expressed in transfected cells. The procedures for making monoclonalantibodies are well established in the art. See, e.g., European PatentApplication 0 583 980 A1 (“Method For Generating Monoclonal AntibodiesFrom Rabbits”), U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,081 (“Stable Rabbit-Mouse HybridomasAnd Secretion Products Thereof”), WO 97/16537 (“Stable Chicken B-cellLine And Method of Use Thereof”), and EP 0 491 057 B1 (“Hybridoma WhichProduces Avian Specific Immunoglobulin G”), the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference. In vitro production of monoclonalantibodies from cloned cDNA molecules has been described byAndris-Widhopf et al., “Methods for the generation of chicken monoclonalantibody fragments by phage display”, J Immunol Methods 242:159 (2000),and by Burton, D. R, “Phage display”, Immunotechnology 1:87 (1995), thedisclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

In a further embodiment of the present invention, purified monoclonal orpolyclonal antibodies are admixed with an appropriate pharmaceuticalcarrier suitable for administration in primates especially humans, toprovide pharmaceutical compositions.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers which can be employed in thepresent pharmaceutical compositions can be any and all solvents,dispersion media, isotonic agents and the like. Except insofar as anyconventional media, agent, diluent or carrier is detrimental to therecipient or to the therapeutic effectiveness of the antibodiescontained therein, its use in the pharmaceutical compositions of thepresent invention is appropriate. The carrier can be liquid, semi-solid,e.g. pastes, or solid carriers. Examples of carriers include oils,water, saline solutions, alcohol, sugar, gel, lipids, liposomes, resins,porous matrices, binders, fillers, coatings, preservatives and the like,or combinations thereof

The present invention is further directed to novel nucleotide sequencesand vectors, as well as the use of the sequences and vectors in making atransgenic non-human animal which produces humanized immunoglobulins.

In general, the genetic engineering of a non-human animal involves theintegration of one or more human Ig gene segments into the animal'sgenome to create one or more humanized Ig loci. It should be recognizedthat, depending upon the approach used in the genetic modification, ahuman Ig gene segment can be integrated at the endogenous Ig locus ofthe animal (as a result of targeted insertion, for example), or at adifferent locus of the animal. In other words, a humanized Ig locus canreside at the chromosomal location where the endogenous Ig locus of theanimal ordinarily resides, or at a chromosomal location other than wherethe endogenous Ig locus of the animal ordinarily resides. Regardless ofthe chromosomal location, a humanized Ig locus of the present inventionhas the capacity to undergo gene rearrangement and gene conversion inthe non-human animal thereby producing a diversified repertoire ofhumanized immunoglobulin molecules. An Ig locus having the capacity toundergo gene rearrangement and gene conversion is also referred toherein as a “functional” Ig locus, and the antibodies with a diversitygenerated by a functional Ig locus are also referred to herein as“functional” antibodies or a “functional” repertoire of antibodies.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides novel sequences usefulfor creating a humanized Ig locus and making transgenic animals capableof producing humanized immunoglobulin molecules. In particular, thepresent invention provides sequences from the 5′ and 3′ flanking regionsof the Ig gene segments of non-human animals, preferably, animals whichrely primarily on gene conversion in generating antibody diversity(e.g., rabbit, pigs, sheep, goat, cow, birds such as chicken, turkey,duck, goose, and the like).

The 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the genes coding for the constantregion are particularly important as these sequences containuntranslated regulatory elements (e.g., enhancers) critical for high Igexpression in the serum. The 3′ flanking region of the genes coding forthe constant region of the heavy chain also contain exons coding for themembranous and cytoplasmic tail of the membrane form of immunoglobulin(Volgina et al. J Immunol 165:6400, 2000). It has been previouslyestablished that the membrane and cytoplasmic tail of the membrane formof antibodies are critical in achieving a high level of expression ofthe antibodies in mice sera (Zou et al., Science 262:1271, 1993). Thus,the identification of the flanking sequences permits the replacement ofexons and intervening introns of the Cγ gene with the human equivalent,and the maintenance of the endogenous exons encoding the transmembraneand cytoplasmic tail regions as well as the endogenous non-codingenhancer sequences.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides 3′ flanking sequencesof heavy chain constant regions of non-human animals. More particularly,nucleotide sequences downstream (3′, 3-prime) of the genes coding forrabbit Cγ, cow Cγ1,2,3, and sheep Cγ1,2 are provided. Especiallypreferred nucleotide sequences include SEQ ID NO: 10 (3′ of rabbit Cγ),SEQ ID NOS: 3-5 (3′ of cow Cγ1,2,3), and SEQ ID NOS: 8-9 (3′ of sheepCγ1,2).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides 3′ flankingsequences of light chain constant regions of non-human animals. Moreparticularly, the present invention provides nucleotide sequencesdownstream (3′, 3-prime) of the genes coding for Cκ in rabbits.Especially preferred nucleotide sequences include SEQ ID NO: 11 (3′ ofrabbit Cκ).

In still another embodiment, the present invention provides 5′ flankingsequences of heavy chain constant regions of non-human animals. Moreparticularly, nucleotide sequences upstream (5′, 5-prime) of the rabbitCγ gene are provided. Especially preferred sequences include SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO: 13.

Another embodiment of the present invention provides 5′ flankingsequences of light chain constant regions of non-human animals.

Portions of the above novel flanking sequences are provided by thepresent invention. By “a portion” is meant a fragment of a flankingnucleotide sequence capable of mediating homologous recombinationbetween the human Ig gene segment and the target animal Ig gene segment.Generally, a portion is at least about 200 base pairs, preferably, atleast about 400 base pairs, for recombination in animal cells such as EScells or fibroblasts, and at least about 40 base pairs, preferably atleast about 50 base pairs, for recombination in E. coli. Examples ofportions of the above novel flanking-sequences include SEQ ID NOS:59-60, 61-62, 63-64, 65-66, 67-68 and 69-70 (represented by theunderlined sequences in FIGS. 8-12 and 14, respectively).

In a further aspect, the present invention provides vectors useful forthe replacement of an Ig gene segment of a non-human animal with thecorresponding human Ig gene segment. These vectors, also referred toherein as “recombination vectors”, include a human Ig gene segment whichis linked to flanking sequences at the 5′ end and the 3′ end, whereinthe flanking sequences have a degree of homology with the flankingsequences of the target animal Ig gene segment sufficient to mediatehomologous recombination between the human gene and the animal genesegments. Generally, at least about 200 bases should be identicalbetween the flanking regions in a recombination vector and the flankingregions of the target gene to achieve efficient homologous recombinationin animal cells such as ES cells and fibroblasts; and at least about 40bases should be identical to achieve efficient homologous recombinationin E. coli.

Recombination vectors useful for replacing the animal's immunoglobulinheavy chain constant region genes are provided, which contain from 5′ to3′, a nucleotide sequence homologous to the 5′ flanking region of thetarget animal heavy chain constant region gene, a human heavy chainconstant region gene (e.g., human Cγ1), and a nucleotide sequencehomologous to the 3′ flanking region of the target animal heavy chainconstant region gene.

Preferred recombination vectors are provided for the replacement of therabbit heavy chain constant region genes. One such vector contains from5′ to 3′, a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12 or SEQ IDNO: 13 or a portion thereof, a human heavy chain constant region genesegment, a nucleotide sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or aportion of or SEQ ID NO: 10. Another such vector contains SEQ ID NO: 51(FIG. 8) which is characterized as having a human Cγ1 gene linked toflanking sequences from the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions of a rabbit heavychain constant region gene.

Recombination vectors are also provided which are useful for replacingthe animal's immunoglobulin light chain constant region genes. Suchvectors contain from 5′ to 3′, a nucleotide sequence homologous to the5′ flanking region of the target light chain constant region gene, ahuman light chain constant region gene (e.g., human Cκ or Cλ)), and anucleotide sequence homologous to the 3′ flanking region of the targetlight chain constant region gene.

Preferred vectors include those useful for replacing the rabbit lightchain constant region genes. A preferred vector contains a nucleotidesequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO: 53, which sequence is characterizedas having a human Cκ linked to flanking sequences from the 5′ and 3′flanking regions of the rabbit light chain Cκ1 gene.

Other recombination vectors provided include those useful for replacingthe animal's Ig V region elements. For example, a recombination vectoruseful for replacing a rabbit heavy chain V region element is providedand contains SEQ ID NO: 52. A recombination vector useful for replacinga rabbit light chain V region element is provided and contains SEQ IDNO: 54.

The recombination vectors of the present invention can includeadditional sequences that facilitate the selection of cells which haveundergone a successful recombination event. For example, marker genescoding for resistance to neomycin, bleomycin, puromycin and the like canbe included in the recombination vectors to facilitate the selection ofcells which have undergone a successful recombination event.

In a further aspect of the present invention, transgenic constructs orvectors carrying one or more humanized Ig loci are provided.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides transgenic constructscontaining a humanized Ig heavy chain locus which includes one or more Vgene segments, one or more D gene segments, one or more J gene segments,and one or more constant region gene segments, wherein at least one genesegment is a human heavy chain gene segment. The gene segments in suchhumanized heavy chain locus are juxtaposed wit respect to each other inan unrearranged configuration (or “the germline configuration”), or in apartially or fully rearranged configuration. The humanized heavy chainlocus has the capacity to undergo gene rearrangement (if the genesegments are not fully rearranged) and gene conversion in the non-humananimal thereby producing a diversified repertoire of heavy chains havinghuman polypeptide sequences, or “humanized heavy chains”.

In a preferred embodiment, the humanized heavy chain locus contains atleast one C-region gene segment that is a human constant region genesegment, preferably, Cα or Cγ (including any of the Cγ subclasses 1, 2,3 and 4).

In another more preferred embodiment, the humanized heavy chain locus ofthe transgene contains a humanized V-region and a humanized C-region,i.e., a V-region having at least one human VH gene segment and aC-region having at least one human C gene segment (e.g., human Cα orCγ).

Preferably, the humanized V-region includes at least about 10-100 heavychain V (or “VH”) gene segments, at least one of which is a human VHgene segment. In accordance with the present invention, the human VHgene segment included in the transgene shares at least about 75% toabout 85% homology to the VH gene segments of the host animal,particularly those animal VH gene segments included in the upstreamregion of the transgene. As described above, a human VH segmentencompasses naturally occurring sequences of a human VH gene segment,degenerate forms of naturally occurring sequences of a human VH genesegment, as well as synthetic sequences that encode a polypeptidesequence substantially (i.e., at least about 85%-95%) identical to ahuman heavy chain V domain polypeptide.

Preferably, the human VH gene segment(s) is placed downstream of thenon-human VH segments in the transgene locus. Preferably, the non-humanVH gene segments in the transgene are the VH gene segments from the 3′VH-region in the Ig locus of the host animal, including the 3′ proximalVH1.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides transgenicconstructs containing a humanized light chain locus capable ofundergoing gene rearrangement and gene conversion in the host animalthereby producing a diversified repertoire of light chains having humanpolypeptide sequences, or “humanized light chains”.

The humanized light locus includes one or more V gene segments, one ormore J gene segments, and one or more constant region gene segments,wherein at least one gene segment is a human light chain gene segment.The gene segments in the humanized light chain locus are juxtaposed inan unrearranged configuration (or “the germline configuration”), orfully rearranged configuration.

In a preferred embodiment, the humanized light chain locus contains atleast one C-region gene segment that is a human constant region genesegment, preferably, Cλ or Cκ.

In another preferred embodiment, the humanized light chain locus of thetransgene contains a humanized V-region and a humanized C-region, e.g.,a V-region having at least one human VL gene and/or at least onerearranged human VJ segment, and a C-region having at least one human Cgene segment (e.g., human Cλ or Cκ).

Preferably, the humanized V-region includes at least about 10-100 lightchain V (or “VL”) gene segments, at least one of which is a human VLgene segment. The human VL gene segment included in the transgene sharesat least about 75% to about 85% homology to the VL gene segments of thehost animal, particularly those animal VL gene segments included in theupstream region of the transgene. Consistently, a human VL segmentencompasses naturally occurring sequences of a human VL gene segment,degenerate forms of naturally occurring sequences of a human VL genesegment, as well as synthetic sequences that encode a polypeptidesequence substantially (i.e., at least about 85%-95%) identical to ahuman light chain V domain polypeptide.

Preferably, the human VL gene segment(s) is placed downstream of thenon-human VL segments in the transgene locus. The non-human VL genesegments in the transgene construct are selected from the VL genesegments in the 3′VL-region in the light chain locus of the host animal,including the 3′ proximal VL1.

In still another preferred embodiment, the humanized light chain locusincludes a rearranged human VJ segment, placed downstream of a number of(e.g., 10-100) VL gene segments of either non-human or human origin.

Another aspect of the present invention is directed to methods of makinga transgenic vector containing a humanized Ig locus. Such methodsinvolve isolating an Ig locus or a portion thereof from a non-humananimal, and inserting the desired human Ig gene segment(s) into theisolated animal Ig locus or the isolated portion of an animal Ig locus.The human Ig gene segment(s) are inserted into the isolated animal Iglocus or a portion thereof by ligation or homologous recombination insuch a way as to retain the capacity of the locus of undergoingeffective gene rearrangement and gene conversion in the non-humananimal.

Preferably, DNA fragments containing an Ig locus to be humanized areisolated from animals which generate antibody diversity by geneconversion, e.g., rabbit and chicken. Such large DNA fragments can beisolated by screening a library of plasmids, cosmids, YACs or BACs, andthe like, prepared from the genomic DNA of the non-human animal. Anentire animal C-region can be contained in one plasmid or cosmid clonewhich is subsequently subjected to humanization. YAC clones can carryDNA fragments of up to 2 megabases, thus an entire animal heavy chainlocus or a large portion thereof can be isolated in one YAC clone, orreconstructed to be contained in one YAC clone. BAC clones are capableof carrying DNA fragments of smaller sizes (about 150-250 kb). However,multiple BAC clones containing overlapping fragments of an Ig locus canbe separately humanized and subsequently injected together into ananimal recipient cell, wherein the overlapping fragments recombine inthe recipient animal cell to generate a continuous Ig locus.

Human Ig gene segments can be integrated into the Ig locus on a vector(e.g., a BAC clone) by a variety of methods, including ligation of DNAfragments, or insertion of DNA fragments by homologous recombination.Integration of the human Ig gene segments is done in such a way that thehuman Ig gene segment is operably linked to the host animal sequence inthe transgene to produce a functional humanized Ig locus, i.e., an Iglocus capable of gene rearrangement and gene conversion which lead tothe production of a diversified repertoire of humanized antibodies.

Preferably, human Ig gene segments are integrated into the Ig locus byhomologous recombination. Homologous recombination can be performed inbacteria, yeast and other cells with a high frequency of homologousrecombination events. For example, a yeast cell is transformed with aYAC containing an animal's Ig locus or a large portion thereof.Subsequently, such yeast cell is further transformed with arecombination vector as described hereinabove, which carries a human Iggene segment linked to a 5′ flanking sequence and a 3′ flankingsequence. The 5′ and the 3′ flanking sequences in the recombinationvector are homologous to those flanking sequences of the animal Ig genesegment on the YAC. As a result of a homologous' recombination, theanimal Ig gene segment on the YAC is replaced with the human Ig genesegment. Alternatively, a bacterial cell such as E. coli is transformedwith a BAC containing an animal's Ig locus or a large portion thereof.Such bacterial cell is further transformed with a recombination vectorwhich carries a human Ig gene segment linked to a 5′ flanking sequenceand a 3′ flanking sequence. The 5′ and the 3′ flanking sequences in therecombination vector mediate homologous recombination and exchangebetween the human Ig gene segment on the recombination vector and theanimal Ig gene segment on the BAC. Humanized YACs and BACs can bereadily isolated from the cells and used in making transgenic animals.

In a further aspect of the present invention, methods of makingtransgenic animals capable of producing humanized immunoglobulins areprovided.

According to the present invention, a transgenic animal capable ofmaking humanized immunoglobulins are made by introducing into arecipient cell or cells of an animal one or more of the transgenicvectors described herein above which carry a humanized Ig locus, andderiving an animal from the genetically modified recipient cell orcells.

Preferably, the recipient cells are from non-human animals whichgenerate antibody diversity by gene conversion and hypermutation, e.g.,bird (such as chicken), rabbit, cows and the like. In such animals, the3′proximal V gene segment is preferentially used for the production ofimmunoglobulins. Integration of a human V gene segment into the Ig locuson the transgene vector, either by replacing the 3′proximal V genesegment of the animal or by being placed in close proximity of the3′proximal V gene segment, results in expression of human V regionpolypeptide sequences in the majority of immunoglobulins. Alternatively,a rearranged human V(D)J segment may be inserted into the J locus of theimmunoglobulin locus on the transgene vector.

The transgenic vectors containing a humanized Ig locus is introducedinto the recipient cell or cells and then integrated into the genome ofthe recipient cell or cells by random integration or by targetedintegration.

For random integration, a transgenic vector containing a humanized Iglocus can be introduced into an animal recipient cell by standardtransgenic technology. For example, a transgenic vector can be directlyinjected into the pronucleus of a fertilized oocyte. A transgenic vectorcan also be introduced by co-incubation of sperm with the transgenicvector before fertilization of the oocyte. Transgenic animals can bedeveloped from fertilized oocytes. Another way to introduce a transgenicvector is by transfecting embryonic stem cells and subsequentlyinjecting the genetically modified embryonic stem cells into developingembryos. Alternatively, a transgenic vector (naked or in combinationwith facilitating reagents) can be directly injected into a developingembryo. Ultimately, chimeric transgenic animals are produced from theembryos which contain the humanized Ig transgene integrated in thegenome of at least some somatic cells of the transgenic animal.

In a preferred embodiment, a transgene containing a humanized Ig locusis randomly integrated into the genome of recipient cells (such asfertilized oocyte or developing embryos) derived from animal stras withan impaired expression of endogenous immunoglobulin genes. The use ofsuch animal strains permits preferential expression of immunoglobulinmolecules from the humanized transgenic Ig locus. Examples for suchanimals include the Alicia and Basilea rabbit strains, as well asAgammaglobinemic chicken strain. Alternatively, transgenic animals withhumanized immunoglobulin transgenes or loci can be mated with animalstrains with impaired expression of endogenous immunoglobulins.Offspring homozygous for an impaired endogenous Ig locus and a humanizedtransgenic Ig locus can be obtained.

For targeted integration, a transgenic vector can be introduced intoappropriate animal recipient cells such as embryonic stem cells oralready differentiated somatic cells. Afterwards, cells in which thetransgene has integrated into the animal genome and has replaced thecorresponding endogenous Ig locus by homologous recombination can beselected by standard methods. The selected cells may then be fused withenucleated nuclear transfer unit cells, e.g. oocytes or embryonic stemcells, cells which are totipotent and capable of forming a functionalneonate. Fusion is performed in accordance with conventional techniqueswhich are well established. See, for example, Cibelli et al., Science(1998) 280:1256. Enucleation of oocytes and nuclear transfer can also beperformed by microsurgery using injection pipettes. (See, for example,Wakayama et al., Nature (1998) 394:369.) The resulting egg cells arethen cultivated in an appropriate medium, and transferred intosynchronized recipients for generating transgenic animals.Alternatively, the selected genetically modified cells can be injectedinto developing embryos which are subsequently developed into chimericanimals.

Further to the present invention, a transgenic animal capable ofproducing humanized immunoglobulins can also be made by introducing intoa recipient cell or cells, one or more of the recombination vectorsdescribed herein above, which carry a human Ig gene segment, linked to5′ and 3′ flanking sequences that are homologous to the flankingsequences of the endogenous Ig gene segment, selecting cells in whichthe endogenous Ig gene segment is replaced by the human Ig gene segmentby homologous recombination, and deriving an animal from the selectedgenetically modified recipient cell or cells.

Similar to the target insertion of a transgenic vector, cellsappropriate for use as recipient cells in this approach includeembryonic stem cells or already differentiated somatic cells. Arecombination vector carrying a human Ig gene segment can be introducedinto such recipient cells by any feasible means, e.g., transfection.Afterwards, cells in which the human Ig gene segment has replaced thecorresponding endogenous Ig gene segment by homologous recombination,can be selected by standard methods. These genetically modified cellscan serve as nuclei donor cells in a nuclear transfer procedure forcloning a transgenic animal. Alternatively, the selected geneticallymodified embryonic stem cells can be injected into developing embryoswhich can be subsequently developed into chimeric animals.

Transgenic animals produced by any of the foregoing methods form anotherembodiment of the present invention. The transgenic animals have atleast one, i.e., one or more, humanized Ig loci in the genome, fromwhich a functional repertoire of humanized antibodies is produced.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides transgenicrabbits having one or more humanized Ig loci in the genome. Thetransgenic rabbits of the present invention are capable of rearrangingand gene converting the humanized Ig loci, and expressing a functionalrepertoire of humanized antibodies.

In another preferred embodiment, the present invention providestransgenic chickens having one or more humanized Ig loci in the genome.The transgenic chickens of the present invention are capable ofrearranging and gene converting the humanized Ig loci, and expressing afunctional repertoire of humanized antibodies.

Cells derived from the transgenic animals of the present invention, suchas B cells or cell lines established from a transgenic animal immunizedagainst an antigen, are also part of the present invention.

In a further aspect of the present invention, methods are provided fortreating a disease in a primate, in particular, a human subject, byadministering a purified humanized antibody composition, preferably, ahumanized polyclonal antibody composition, desirable for treating suchdisease.

The humanized polyclonal antibody compositions used for administrationare generally characterized by containing a polyclonal antibodypopulation, having immunoglobulin concentrations from 0.1 to 100 mg/ml,more usually from 1 to 10 mg/ml. The antibody composition may containimmunoglobulins of various isotypes. Alternatively, the antibodycomposition may contain antibodies of only one isotype, or a number ofselected isotypes.

In most instances the antibody composition consists of unmodifiedimmunoglobulins, i.e., humanized antibodies prepared from the animalwithout additional modification, e.g., by chemicals or enzymes.Alternatively, the immunoglobulin fraction may be subject to treatmentsuch as enzymatic digestion (e.g. with pepsin, papain, plasmin,glycosidases, nucleases, etc.), heating, etc, and/or furtherfractionated.

The antibody compositions generally are administered into the vascularsystem, conveniently intravenously by injection or infusion via acatheter implanted into an appropriate vein. The antibody composition isadministered at an appropriate rate, generally ranging from about 10minutes to about 24 hours, more commonly from about 30 minutes to about6 hours, in accordance with the rate at which the liquid can be acceptedby the patient. Administration of the effective dosage may occur in asingle infusion or in a series of infusions. Repeated infusions may beadministered once a day, once a week once a month, or once every threemonths, depending on the half-life of the antibody preparation and theclinical indication. For applications on epithelial surfaces theantibody compositions are applied to the surface in need of treatment inan amount sufficient to provide the intended end result, and can berepeated as needed.

The antibody compositions can be used to bind and neutralize antigenicentities in human body tissues that cause disease or that elicitundesired or abnormal immune responses. An “antigenic entity” is hereindefined to encompass any soluble or cell-surface bound moleculesincluding proteins, as well as cells or infectious disease-causingorganisms or agents that are at least capable of binding to an antibodyand preferably are also capable of stimulating an immune response.

Administration of an antibody composition against an infectious agent asa monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy results in eliminationof infectious particles. A single administration of antibodies decreasesthe number of infectious particles generally 10 to 100 fold, morecommonly more than 1000-fold. Similarly, antibody therapy in patientswith a malignant disease employed as a monotherapy or in combinationwith chemotherapy reduces the number of malignant cells generally 10 to100 fold, or more than 1000-fold. Therapy may be repeated over anextended amount of time to assure the complete elimination of infectiousparticles, malignant cells, etc. In some instances, therapy withantibody preparations will be continued for extended periods of time inthe absence of detectable amounts of infectious particles or undesirablecells. Similarly, the use of antibody therapy for the modulation ofimmune responses may consist of single or multiple administrations oftherapeutic antibodies. Therapy may be continued for extended periods oftime in the absence of any disease symptoms.

The subject treatment may be employed in conjunction with chemotherapyat dosages sufficient to inhibit infectious disease or malignancies. Inautoimmune disease patients or transplant recipients, antibody therapymay be employed in conjunction with immunosuppressive therapy at dosagessufficient to inhibit immune reactions.

The invention is further illustrated, but by no means limited, by thefollowing examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Novel Sequences 3′Prime of the Cγ Gene from Cows, Sheep andRabbits

Genomic DNA was isolated from blood of a Simmental cow using the QIAampDNA Blood Kit (QIAGEN). The genomic region 3′ of the cow Cγ gene (i.e.,the cow Cγ gene 3′ flanking sequence) was PCR-amplifled using theisolated genomic DNA as template and the following primers: 5′ primer:5′cgcaagcttCCTACACGTGTGTGGTGATG3′; (SEQ ID NO: 1) 3′ primer:5′cgcaagcttAAGATGGWGATGGTSGTCCA3′ (SEQ ID NO: 2)The upper-case portion of the 5′ primer was from exon 3 of Cγ, and thelower-case portion represented a terminal HindIII restriction site. Theupper-case portion of the 3′ primer was a degenerate sequence designedaccording to the published sequences from the human M1 exon and themouse M1 exon, and the lower-case portion represented a terminal HindIIIrestriction site. A 1.3 kb PCR fragment was obtained using the EXPANDlong template PCR system (Roche). The fragment was gel purified,digested with HindIII, and cloned into a Bluescript cloning vector. Theresulting clones fell into three populations, which differ from oneanother in the pattern of the restriction fragments obtained with BamHI,EcoRI and XhoI. One clone from each population was sequenced, and thesequences are shown in FIG. 1 (SEQ ID NOS: 3-5).

Genomic DNA was isolated from blood of a Merino sheep using the QIAampDNA Blood Kit (QIAGEN). The genomic region 3′ of the sheep Cγ gene(i.e., the sheep Cγ gene 3′ flanking sequence) was PCR-amplified usingthe isolated genomic DNA as template and the following primers: 5′primer: 5′cgcggatccCCTACGCGTGTGTGGTGATG3′ (SEQ ID NO: 6) 3′ primer:5′cgcggatccACCGAGGAGAAGATCCACTT3′ (SEQ ID NO: 7)The upper-case portion of the 5′ primer was from exon 3 of Cγ, and thelower-case portion represented a terminal BamHI restriction site. Theupper-case portion of the 3′ primer was designed according to thepublished sequences from the human M2 exon and the mouse M2 exon, andthe lower-case portion represented a terminal BamHI restriction site. A2.9 kb PCR fragment was obtained using the EXPAND long template PCRsystem (Roche). The fragment was gel purified, digested with BamHII, andcloned into a Bluescript cloning vector. The resulting clones fell intotwo populations, which differ from each other in the pattern of therestriction fragments obtained with HindIII, EcoRI and XhoI. One clonefrom each population was sequenced, and the sequences are shown in FIG.2 (SEQ ID NOS: 8-9).

A 10 kb EcoRI fragment containing the Cγ gene and its flanking sequencesfrom A2 allotype rabbit was subcloned from a genomic cosmid clone (cos8.3 from Knight et al., J Immunol (1985) 1245-50, “Organization andpolymorphism of rabbit immunoglobulin heavy chain genes”). Thenucleotide sequences 5′ and 3′ of Cγ were determined using standardmethods and are set forth in FIG. 3 and 5, SEQ ID NO: 10, 12, 13,respectively.

Sequences 3′ of rabbit Ckappal were determined from an EcoRI/BamHIsubclone from VJk2CλIn pSV2neo. The nucleotide sequence is set forth inFIG. 4, SEQ ID NO: 11.

The amino acid sequences encoded by the M1 and M2 exons from cow, sheepand rabbit were deduced from the above 3′ flanking sequence. These aminoacid sequences were aligned with the published M1 and M2 sequences fromcamel, human and mouse, as shown in FIG. 6.

EXAMPLE 2 A Vector for Replacing the Rabbit Endogenous Cγ Gene Segmentwith the Human Cγ1 Segment

Genomic DNA is isolated from rabbit fetal fibroblasts of ana2-homozygous rabbit. The DNA sequence upstream of rabbit Cγ (i.e., the5′ flanking sequence of rabbit Cγ) is amplified by PCR using thefollowing primers: 5′ taattatgcggccgcCTTCAGCGTGAACCAC (SEQ ID NO: 39)GCCCTC 3′ with a 5′ NotI site and 5′ GTCGACGCCCCTCGATGCACTCCCAGAG (SEQID NO: 40) 3′.

The DNA sequence downstream of rabbit Cγ (i.e., the 3′ flanking sequenceof rabbit Cγ) is amplified with the following primers: 5′ggtaccCTCTCCCTCCCCCACGCCGCAGC (SEQ ID NO: 41) 3′ with a 5′ KpnI site and5′ atatctcagaACTGGCTGTCCCTGCTGTAGT (SEQ ID NO: 42) ACACGG 3′ with a 5′XhoI site.

Human genomic DNA is isolated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes.The DNA fragment encoding human Cγ1 is amplified using the followingprimers: 5′ GTCGACACTGGACGCTGAACCTCGCGG 3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43) and 5′GGTACCGGGGGCTTGCCGGCCGTCGCAC (SEQ ID NO: 44) 3′.

The fragments are digested with restriction enzymes and cloned into aBluescript vector. Subsequently, a lox neo-cassette is inserted into theSalI site and an Hsv-tk cassette into the XhoI site. A schematic drawingof the final construct is shown in FIG. 7 a.

EXAMPLE 3 A Vector for Replacing the Rabbit Endogenous Cκ Gene Segmentwith the Human Cκ Segment

Genomic DNA was isolated from rabbit fetal fibroblasts of ab5-homozygous rabbit. The DNA sequence upstream of rabbit Cκ1 (i.e., the5′ flanking sequence of rabbit Cκ1) was amplified by PCR using thefollowing primers: 5′ gcggccgcTGGCGAGGAGACCAAGCTGGAGA (SEQ ID NO: 45)TCAAACG 3′ with a 5′ NotI site 5′ GTCGACGCAGCCCAAAGCTGTTGCAATGGGG (SEQID NO: 46) CAGCG 3′.

The DNA sequence downstream of rabbit Cκ1 (i.e., the 5′ flankingsequence of rabbit Cκ1) was amplified with the following primers: 5′atatggtaccGCGAGACGCCTGCCAGGGCAC (SEQ ID NO: 47) CGCC 3′ with a 5′ KpnIsite 5′ GGATCCCGAGCTTTATGGGCAGGGTGGGGG (SEQ ID NO: 48) 3′.

Human genomic DNA was isolated from human peripheral blood lymphocytes.The DNA fragment encoding human Cκ was amplified using the followingprimers: 5′ ATATGTCGACCTGGGATAAGCATGCTGTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 49) CTGTCTGTCCC3′ 5′ CTAGGTACCAGCAGGTGGGGGCACTTCTCCC (SEQ ID NO: 50) 3′.The fragments were digested with restriction enzymes and cloned into aBluescript vector. Subsequently, a lox neo-cassette was inserted intothe SalI site and an Hsv-tk cassette into the XhoI site. A schematicdrawing of the final construct is shown in FIG. 7 b.

EXAMPLE 4 Replacement of the Endogenous Cγ and Cκ Gene Segments inRabbit Fetal Fibroblasts with the Corresponding Human Gene Segments

Rabbit fetal fibroblast cells are prepared by standard methods. Afterone passage, fibroblasts are transfected with 5 μg of theNotI-linearized targeting vector as shown in FIG. 5 a for Cγ or FIG. 51b for Cκ, and are seeded in 96-well plates (2×10³ cells/well). After apositive selection with 600 μg/ml G418 and a negative selection with 200nM FIAU, resistant colonies are replica-plated to two 96-well plates forDNA analysis and cryopreservation, respectively. PCR and/or Southernblot analysis is performed to identify cells with the human Cγ1 genesegment integrated in the genome. The cells having the integrated humanCγ1 gene are used in rabbit cloning as described in Example 5.

EXAMPLE 5 Cloning of Rabbits

Mature Dutch Belton rabbits are superovulated by subcutaneous injectionof follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) every 12 hours (0.3 mg×2 and 0.4mg×4). Ovulation is induced by intravenous administration of 0.5 mgluteinizing hormone (LH) 12 hours after the last FSH injection. Oocytesare recovered by ovidual flush 17 hours after LH injection. Oocytes aremechanically enucleated 16-19 hours after maturation. Chromosome removalis assessed with bisBENZIMIDE (HOECHST 33342, Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) dyeunder ultraviolet light. Enucleated oocytes are fused with activelydividing fibroblasts by using one electrical pulse of 180 V/cm for 15 us(Electrocell Manipulator 200, Genetronics, San Diego, Calif.). After 3-5hours oocytes are chemically activated with calcium ionophore (6 uM) for4 min (#407952, Calbiochem, San Diego, Calif.) and 2 mM6-dimethylaminopurine (DMAP, Sigma) in CR2 medium (Specialty Media,Lavalett, N.J.) with 3 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (fatty acid free,Sigma) for 3 hours. Following the activation, the embryos are washed inhamster embryo culture medium (HECM)-Hepes five times and subsequently,cultivated in CR2 medium containing 3 mg/ml fatty-acid free BSA for 248hours at 37.8° C. and 5% CO₂ in air. Embryos are then transferred intosynchronized recipients. Offsprings are analyzed by PCR for a segment ofthe transgene.

EXAMPLE 6 Construction of a DNA Fragment Containing a Portion of aRabbit Heavy Chain Locus with a Human Cγ1 Gene Segment and a VH GeneSegment Encoding a Human VH Domain Polypeptide Sequence

The upstream and downstream regions (i.e., the 5′ and 3′ flankingregions) of the rabbit heavy chain Cγ gene from an a2-allotype rabbitwere sequenced. A DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 51) is generated by PCR usingoverlapping oligonucleotides wherein the DNA fragment contains from 5′to 3′, a sequence derived from the 5′ flanking region of the rabbit Cγgene, the human Cγ1 gene, and a sequence derived from the 3′ flankingregion of the rabbit Cγ gene (FIG. 8).

A genomic BAC library derived from an a2-allotype rabbit is generated bystandard procedures and screened with probes specific for rabbit Cγ. ABAC clone containing rabbit heavy chain gene segments is identified. Therabbit Cγ gene on this BAC clone is replaced with the human Cγ1 gene byhomologous recombination in E. coli using the DNA fragment of SEQ ID NO:51 and the pET system. This replacement is accomplished by twoconsecutive recombination steps: first the rabbit Cγ gene segment isreplaced with a marker gene; then the marker gene is replaced the humanCγ1 gene segment.

The modified BAC clone containing rabbit heavy chain genes and theinserted human Cγ1 gene is further modified by replacing the 3′proximalVH1 segment with A synthetic VH gene segment (FIG. 9). This synthetic VHgene segment (SEQ ID NO: 52) is made using overlapping oligonculeotidesand includes a 5′ flanking sequence, a 3′ flanking sequence, and asequence coding for a polypeptide nearly identical to the humanimmunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain polypeptide sequencedescribed by Huang and Stollar (J. Immunol. 151: 5290-5300, 1993). Thecoding sequence of the synthetic VH gene segment is designed based onthe published sequence of a rabbit VH1 gene (a2, Knight and Becker, Cell60:963-970, 1990) and is more than 80% identical to rabbit VH genesegments. The 5′ and the 3′ flanking sequences in the synthetic VHsegment are derived from the upstream and downstream regions of thea2-allotype rabbit VH1 gene. The synthetic VH gene of SEQ ID NO: 52 isused to replace the rabbit VH1 gene on the BAC clone by homologousrecombination using the pET or the redεβγ system. The modified BAC cloneis amplified and purified using standard procedures.

EXAMPLE 7 Construction of a DNA Fragment Containing a Portion of aRabbit Light Chain Locus with a Human Cκ Gene Segment and a VJ GeneSegment Encoding a Human VL Domain Polypeptide Sequence

The upstream and downstream regions (i.e., the 5′ and 3′ flankingregions) of the rabbit light chain Cκ1 gene from a b5-allotype rabbitwere sequenced. A DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 53) is generated by PCR usingoverlapping oligonucleotides wherein the DNA fragment contains from 5′to 3′, a sequence derived from the 5′ flanking region of the rabbit Cκ1gene, the human Cκ1 gene, and a sequence derived from the 3′ flankingregion of the rabbit Cκ1 gene (FIG. 10).

A genomic BAC library derived from a b5-allotype rabbit is generated bystandard procedures and screened with probes specific for rabbit Cκ1. ABAC clone containing rabbit light chain gene segments is identified. Therabbit Cκ1 gene on this BAC clone is replaced with the human Cκ1 gene onthe DNA fragment of SEQ ID NO: 53 by homologous recombination in E. coliusing the pET or the redεβγ system. This replacement is accomplished bytwo consecutive recombination steps: first the rabbit Cκ1 gene segmentis replaced with a marker gene; then the marker gene is replaced thehuman Cκ1 gene segment.

The modified BAC clone containing rabbit light chain genes and theinserted human Cκ1 gene is further modified by inserting a rearranged VJDNA fragment into the J region of the rabbit light chain locus. Therearranged VJ DNA fragment encodes a human immunoglobulin variabledomain polypeptide described by Pritsch et al. (Blood 82(10):3103-3112,1993) and Lautner-Rieske et al. (Eur. J. Immunol. 22 (4), 1023-1029,1992)) (FIG. 7). The nucleotide sequence of the rearranged VJ fragmentis designed to maximize the sequence homology at the nucleotide level tothe rabbit Vkappa sequence published by Lieberman et al. (J. Immunol.133 (5), 2753-2756, 1984). This rearranged VJ DNA sequence is more than80% identical with known rabbit Vκ genes. Using overlappingoligonucleotides in PCR, the rearranged VJ DNA fragment is linked to a5′ and a 3′ flanking sequence, resulting the DNA fragment of SEQ ID NO:54 (FIG. 11). The 5′flanking sequence is derived from 5′ of a rabbit VK,the 3′flanking sequence is derived from 3′ of rabbit J2. The DNAfragment of SEQ ID NO: 54 is subsequently inserted into the rabbit lightchain locus by homologous recombination in E. coli using the pET or theredεβγ system. The insertion is performed in such a way that the rabbitlight chain region containing the rabbit Vκ1 gene segment, the rabbit J1and J2 segments, and the sequences in between, is replaced with therearranged VJ DNA fragment. Again, this insertion is accomplished byreplacement of the rabbit V to J region with a marker gene, followed bythe replacement of the marker gene with the rearranged VJ DNA fragment.The modified BAC clone is amplified and purified using standardprocedures.

EXAMPLE 8 Transgenic Rabbits Expressing the Humanized ImmunoglobulinLight and/or Heavy Chain Transgene

Transgenic rabbits are generated as described by Fan et al. (Pathol Int.49: 583-594, 1999). Briefly, female rabbits are superovulated usingstandard methods and mated with male rabbits. Pronuclear-stage zygotesare collected from oviduct and placed in an appropriate medium such asDulbecco's phosphate buffered saline supplemented with 20% fetal bovineserum. The exogenous DNA (e.g., the humanized BAC clone from Example 4and/or 5 which has been linearized prior to injection) is microinjectedinto the male pronucleus with the aid of a pair of manipulators.Morphological surviving zygotes are transferred to the oviducts ofpseudopregnant rabbits. Pseudopregnancy is induced by the injection ofhuman chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG). Between about 0.1-1% of theinjected zygotes develop into live transgenic rabbits. Integration ofthe transgene in the genome is confirmed by Southern blots analysisusing a probe specific for the transgene.

cDNA is prepared using RNA isolated from B cells (in blood, spleenand/or lymph nodes) of a transgenic rabbit. Primers specific for thehuman transgene (human CH gene segment or the synthetic humanized VHgene segment) are used to generate amplified products from cDNA. Theobservation of amplified products indicates that the transgene isrearranged in the transgenic animal and the rearranged transgene istranscribed in the animal. Amplified products are sequenced and thepresence of donor sequences from upstream V genes indicates that thetransgene introduced into the germline of the animal undergoes geneconversion.

The presence of antibodies containing human IgG and/or human kappa lightchain antigenic determinants in the serum of transgenic founder rabbitsis determined using an ELISA assay.

EXAMPLE 9 Production of Humanized Antibodies From Transgenic Rabbitswith the Genetic Background of the Alicia and/or Basilea Rabbit Strain

The Alicia strain lacks the VH1 gene segment and therefore has animpaired Ig heavy chain expression. Transgenic founder rabbits capableof expressing humanized heavy chain molecules in the genetic backgroundof the Alicia rabbit strain are generated, e.g., by using fetalfibroblasts established from Alicia rabbits in Examples 4-5 above, or byusing zygotes from female Alicia rabbits mated with male Alicia rabbitsin Example 8 above. Transgenic animals are also obtained which arehomozygous for the Alicia Ig phenotype and are also homozygous for ahumanized heavy chain transgene. Serum is tested in ELISA for thepresence of humanized heavy chain (e.g., a human heavy chain constantregion). The concentration of antibodies with humanized Ig heavy chainsin these homozygous Alicia animals is substantially higher, e.g., about10 to 100 fold higher, than that produced from a transgene integrated inthe genome of wild type (non-Alicia) rabbits.

The Basilea strain does not express κ1 light chain and in its placeexclusively express the κ2 and λ light chains. Transgenic founderrabbits capable of expressing humanized light chain molecules in thegenetic background of the Basilea rabbit strain are generated, e.g., byusing fetal fibroblasts established from Basilea rabbits in Examples 4-5above, or by using zygotes from female Basilea rabbits mated with maleBasilea rabbits in Example 8 above. Transgenic animals are obtainedwhich are homozygous for the Basilea light chain phenotype, and are alsohomozygous for a humanized light chain transgene. Serum is tested inELISA for the presence of the humanized light chain. The concentrationof the humanized light chain in the homozygous Basilea animals issubstantially higher, about 10-100 fold higher, than the concentrationof a humanized light chain in a transgenic rabbit with the wild type(non-Basilea) genetic background. Transgenic founder rabbits are matedwith each other to generate transgenic rabbits with the followingtraits: (1) having at least one humanized light chain transgene, (2)having at least one humanized heavy chain transgene, (3) homozygous forthe Alicia heavy chain locus, and (4) homozygous for the Basilea lightchain locus.

EXAMPLE 10 Construction of a DNA Fragment Containing a Modified ChickenLight Chain Locus Having a Human Clambda2 Gene Segment and a VJ GeneSegment Encoding a Human VL Domain

A genomic BAC library derived from a jungle fowl chicken was screenedwith radiolabeled probes specific for chicken light chain Clambda andchicken Vpsi25 (the V gene segment at the very 5′ end of the light chainlocus). A BAC clone containing the entire lambda light chain locus wasidentified. The chicken Cλ gene on this BAC clone is replaced with thehuman Cλ2 gene by homologous recombination in E. coli using the pETsystem (Zhang et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 18(12):1314-7, 2000) as follows.

A first DNA fragment containing a kanamycin selection cassette wasgenerated by PCR using primers specific for Tn5 gene. The 5′ primer(5′catacacagccatacatacgcgtgtggccgctctgcctctctcttgcaggTATGGACAGCAAGCGAACCG3′, SEQ ID NO: 55) was designed to include 50 bp at the 5′ end (lowercase), derived from the 5′ flanking region of the chicken light chainCλgene. The 3′ primer(5′atcagggtgacccctacgttacactcctgtcaccaaggagtgggagggacTCAGAAGAACTCGTCAAGAAG3′, SEQ ID NO: 56) was designed to include about 50 bp at the end(lower case), derived from the 3′ flanking region of the chicken lightchain Cλ) gene.

A second DNA fragment (SEQ ID NO: 57) was synthesized using overlappingoligonucleotides wherein the DNA fragment contains from 5′ to 3′, asequence derived from the 5′ flanking region of the chicken light chainClambda gene, the human Clambda2 gene, and a sequence derived from the3′ flanking region of the chicken Clambda gene (FIG. 12).

E. coli cells of the chicken light chain BAC clone were transformed witha recombination plasmid expressing the recE and recT functions under aninducible promotor. Cells transformed with the recombination plasmidwere then transformed with the first DNA fragment above and selectedafterwards in media containing kanamycin. Clones resistant to kanamycinwere identified, and the replacement of the chicken Cλ segment by thekanamycin selection cassette via homologous recombination was confirmedby restriction enzyme digest.

In the second homologous recombination step, cells positive for thekanamycin selection cassette were transformed with the second DNAfragment above. Transformed cells were screened for the loss ofkanamycin resistance as indicative of the replacement of the kanamycinselection cassette by the human Cλ2 gene. The exchange was confirmed byrestriction enzyme digest and/or sequence analysis.

The ET cloning procedure is summarized in FIG. 13.

The BAC clone containing the chicken light chain locus and the insertedhuman Clambda2 gene segment was further modified by inserting arearranged VJ DNA fragment. The rearranged VJ DNA fragment encodes ahuman immunoglobulin variable domain polypeptide described by Kametaniet al. (J. Biochem. 93 (2), 421-429, 1983) as IG LAMBDA CHAIN V-I REGIONNIG-64 (P01702) (FIG. 14). The nucleotide sequence of the rearranged VJfragment was so designed as to maximize the sequence homology at thenucleotide level to the chicken Vlambda1 sequence published by McCormacket al. (Cell 56, 785-791, 1989). This rearranged VJ DNA sequence is morethan 80% identical with known chicken light chain V genes. Therearranged VJ DNA fragment was linked to a 5′ flanking sequence and a 3′flanking sequence, resulting in the DNA fragment of SEQ ID NO: 58 (FIG.14). The 5′ flanking sequence was derived from 5′ of chicken Vlambda1,and the 3′flanking sequence was derived from 3′ of chicken J. The DNAfragment of SEQ ID NO: 58 was subsequently inserted into the chickenlight chain locus in E. coli using the pET system as shown in FIG. 15.The insertion was performed in such a way that the region on the chickenlight chain locus from the 5′ end of the chicken Vlambda1 gene segmentto the 3′ end of the chicken J region was replaced with the rearranged,synthetic VJ DNA fragment. Again, this insertion wais accomplished bythe replacement of the chicken V-J region with a marker gene, followedby the replacement of the marker gene with the rearranged VJ DNAfragment. The modified region of the chicken light chain locus is shownin FIG. 15. The modified BAC clone was amplified and purified usingstandard procedures.

EXAMPLE 11 Construction of a DNA Fragment Containing a Portion of aChicken Heavy Chain Locus With a Human Cγ1 Gene Segment and a VH GeneSegment Encoding a Human VH Domain Polypeptide Sequence

A jungle fowl chicken genomic BAC library was generated by standardprocedures and screened with probes specific for chicken Cγ. A BAC clonecontaining chicken heavy chain gene segments is identified. The upstreamand downstream regions (i.e., the 5′ and 3′ flanking regions) of theheavy chain Cγ gene are sequenced. The chicken Cγ gene on this BAC cloneis replaced with the human Cγ1 gene by homologous recombination in E.coli using the pET system as follows.

A first DNA fragment containing a kanamycin selection cassette isgenerated by PCR using primers specific for Tn5 gene. The 5′ and 3′primers are designed to include about 50 bp at the end, derived from the5′ and 3′ flanking regions of the chicken heavy chain Cγ gene.

A second DNA fragment is generated by PCR using overlappingoligonucleotides wherein this second DNA fragment contains from 5′ to3′, a sequence of about 50 bp derived from the 5′ flanking region of thechicken Cγ gene, the human Cγ1 gene, and a sequence of about 50 bpderived from the 3′ flanking region of the chicken Cγ gene.

E. coli cells of the chicken CY BAC clone are transformed with arecombination plasmid expressing the recE and recT functions under aninducible promotor. Cells transformed with the recombination plasmid arefurther transformed with the first DNA fragment and selected in mediacontaining kanamycin. Clones resistant to kanamycin are identified, andthe replacement of the chicken CY segment by the kanamycin selectioncassette via homologous recombination is confirmed by restriction enymedigest.

In the second homologous recombination step, cells positive for thekanamycin selection cassette are now transformed with the second DNAfragment described above. Transformed cells are screened for loss ofkanamycin resistance as indicative of the replacement of the kanamycinselection cassette by the human Cγ1 gene. The exchange is confirmed byrestriction enzyme digest and/or sequence analysis.

The BAC clone containing the inserted human Cγ1 gene is further modifiedby replacing the 3′proximal VH1 segment (i.e., the 3′proximal VH1 genein the V region) with a synthetic VH gene segment. This synthetic VHgene segment is designed based on the published sequence of a chickenVH1 gene (Arakawa et al., EMBO J 15(10): 2540-2546, 1996). The syntheticgene segment is more than 80% identical to chicken VH gene segments andencodes an amino acid sequence that is identical to the amino acidsequence of a human immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domainpolypeptide described by Matthyssens and Rabbitss (in Steinberg CM andLefkovits I, (eds). The Immune System: 132-138, S. Karger, NY 1981).This synthetic VH segment including 5′ and 3′ flanking sequences issynthesized by PCR using overlapping oligonucleotides. The 5′ and the 3′flanking sequences are derived from the upstream and downstream regionsof chicken VH1 gene. This synthetic VH segment is used to replace thechicken VH1 gene on the BAC clone by homologous recombination using thepET system. The modified BAC clone is amplified and purified usingstandard procedures.

EXAMPLE 12 Transgenic Chicken Expressing the Humanized ImmunoglobulinLight and/or Heavy Chain Transgenes

The production of transgenic chicken is carried out using techniques asdescribed by Etches et al., Methods in Molecular Biology 62: 433-450;Pain et al., Cells Tissues Organs 1999; 165(34): 212-9; Sang, H.,“Transgenic chickens—methods and potential applications”, TrendsBiotechnol 12:415 (1994); and in WO 200075300, “Introducing a nucleicacid into an avian genome, useful for transfecting avian blastodermalcells for producing transgenic avian animals with the desired genes, bydirectly introducing the nucleic acid into the germinal disc of theegg”.

Briefly, the modified BAC clones are linearized and mixed with atransfection reagent to promote uptake of DNA into cells. Theformulations are injected into a multicell stage chicken embryo in closeproximity to the germinal disc. The window in the egg shell is closedand the eggs are incubated. After hatching chimeric chickens areidentified by PCR and Southern blot analysis using transgene specificsequences. Integration of the transgene in the genome is confirmed bySouthern blots analysis using a probe specific for the transgene. Heavyand light chain transgenic animals are bred with each other to generatetransgenic chickens expressing antibodies having humanized heavy andlight chains.

cDNA is prepared using RNA isolated from B cells (in blood, spleenand/or lymph nodes) from transgenic chickens. Primers specific for thehuman transgene (e.g., human CH gene segments and/or the synthetichumanized VH gene segments) are used to generate amplified products fromcDNA. The observation of amplified products indicates that the transgeneis rearranged in the transgenic animal and the rearranged transgene istranscribed in the animal. Amplified products are sequenced and thepresence of donor sequences from upstream V genes indicates that thetransgene introduced into the germline of the animal undergoes geneconversion.

The presence of antibodies containing human IgG and/or human kappa lightchain antigenic determinants in the serum of transgenic chickens isdetermined using an ELISA assay.

EXAMPLE 13 Production of Functional Humanized Antibodies in TransgenicChicken with the Agammaglobulinemic Phenotype

Transgenic chickens with the following traits are produced: (1) havingat least one humanized light chain transgene, (2) having at least onehumanized heavy chain transgene, and (3) homozygous for theagammaglobulinemic phenotype. These animals produce antibodies into theblood and eggs, and antibodies can be purified from either source. Ingeneral, antibody concentrations in the eggs are about 5% to 50% ofantibodies concentration in the blood. Animals that contain humanizedantibodies at high levels in eggs can be selected and bred to produceoffspring. Alternatively, transgenic animals can be generated thatspecifically secrete humanized antibodies into their eggs.

EXAMPLE 14 Generation of Transgenic Chickens Expressing HumanizedImmunoglobulin

Chicken embryonic stem cells are isolated and cultured as described byPain et al. (Development 122, 2339-2348; 1996). Chicken embryos areobtained from eggs immediately after they are laid. The entireblastoderm is removed by gentle aspiration, embryos are slowlydissociated mechanically and cells are seeded in ESA complete medium oninactivated STO feeder cells. ESA medium is composed of MEM mediumcontaining 10% FCS, 2% chicken serum, 1% bovine serum albumin, 10 ng/mlovalbumin, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 1% non-essential amino acids, 1 μM ofeach nucleotide adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, thymidine, 0.16mM β-mercaptoethanol, ESA complete medium is supplemented with 10 ng/mlbFGF, 20 ng/ml h-IGF-1, 1% vol/vol avian-SCF and 1% vol/vol h-LIF, 1%vol/vol h-IL-11. Cell cultures are incubated wt 37° C. in 7.5 CO₂ and90% humidity. After 48 hours fresh blastodermal cells are added to theculture in half of the original volume of ESA complete medium. After anadditional incubation for three days, the culture medium is partially(50%) replaced with fresh ESA complete medium, and totally every daythereafter. For cell harvesting, cultures are washed with PBS andincubated in a pronase solution (0.025% w/v). Dissociated cells aretransfected with various linearized transgenic constructs containing ahumanized Ig locus. Transfected cells are incubated with STO feedercells (as described above) in the presence of selective antibiotics.Cells are transferred onto fresh feeder cells twice per week. Antibioticresistant cells are isolated and the integration of a humanized Ig genefragments at a random site or at the corresponding chickenimmunoglobulin gene loci is confirmed by PCR.

Subsequently, genetically modified cells are injected into recipientembryos. As recipient embryos, freshly laid eggs are irradiated(6Gy—Cobalt source). Between 100 to 200 genetically modified cells areinjected into the subgerminal cavity using a micropipet. The window inthe egg shell is closed and the eggs are incubated. Somatic chimerism ofhatched chickens is evaluated by PCR. Germ-line chimerism is assessed bymating of somatic chimeras.

EXAMPLE 15 Immunization of Transgenic Animals

Genetically engineered chickens are immunized intramuscularly withpurified Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (5 μg in incompleteFreund's adjuvant) on day 0, 14 and day 28. On day 35 animals are bledand serum is prepared. ELISA plates (NUNC, Denmark) are coated with 1μg/ml HBsAg in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. Subsequently,available binding sites are blocked by incubation with 1% non-fat drymilk (NFM) in PBS (300 μl/well). Chicken serum is diluted in PBS/1% NFMand added to the coated wells. After an incubation of 1 hour, the platesare washed 3 times with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 and bound Ig is detectedusing goat anti-human Ig conjugated with horseradish peroxidase.Conjugated goat antibody is detected using o-phenylenediaminedihydrochloride (Sigma) at 1 mg/ml. The colorimetric reaction is stoppedby addition of 1 M HCl solution and the absorbance is measured at 490nm. As a control, serum from non-immunized chicken is used. Serum fromnon-immunized chickens does not react with HBsAg. At a dilution of 1:250the optical density measured in uncoated and HBsAg coated wells is below0.2. In contrast, serum from immunized chickens contains humanizedantibodies reactive with HBsAg. At a serum dilution of 1:250 themeasured optical density is 2.3. Upon further dilution of the serum themeasured optical density declines to 0.1 (at a dilution of 25600). Noantibodies reactive with a goat anti-chicken IgG-HRP conjugate can bedetected. This demonstrates that the genetically engineered chickensproduce humanized anti-HBsAg antibodies following immunization.

Genetically engineered rabbits are immunized intramuscularly withpurified Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (10 μg in incompleteFreund's adjuvant) on day 0 and day 14. On day 28 animals are bled fromthe ear and serum is prepared. ELISA plates (NUNC, Denmark) are coatedwith 1 μg/ml HBsAg in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature. Subsequently,available binding sites are blocked by incubation with 1% non-fat drymilk (NFM) in PBS (300 μl/well). Rabbit serum is diluted in PBS/1% NFMand added to the coated wells. After an incubation of 1 hour, the platesare washed 3 times with PBS/0.05% Tween 20 and bound Ig is detectedusing goat anti-human Ig conjugated with horse-radish peroxidase.Conjugated goat antibody is detected using o-phenylenediaminedihydrochloride (Sigma) at 1 mg/ml. The calorimetric reaction is stoppedby addition of 1 M HCl solution and the absorbance is measured at 490nm. As a control serum from non-immunized rabbits is used. Serum fromnon-immunized rabbits does not react with HBsAg. At a dilution of 1:100the optical density measured in uncoated and HBsAg coated wells is below0.4. In contrast, serum from immunized rabbits contains partially humanantibodies reactive with HBsAg. At a serum dilution of 1:100 themeasured optical density is 2.8. Upon further dilution of the serum themeasured optical density declines to 0.2 (at a dilution of 25600). Noantibodies reactive with a goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP conjugate can bedetected. This demonstrates that the genetically engineered rabbitsproduce humanized anti-HBsAg antibodies following immunization.

EXAMPLE 16 Complement Mediated Cytotoxicity of Virus Infected Cell LineUsing Humanized Antibodies

A human liver carcinoma cell line expressing HBsAg is labeled with 0.1mCi ⁵¹Cr in 100 ul PBS for 1 hr at 37° C. Two thousand ⁵¹Cr-lableledcells are incubated with serum from genetically engineered rabbits orchickens expressing anti-HbsAg humanized immunoglobulins. After twohours at 37° C. the release of ⁵Cr into the supernatant is determined bymeasuring radioactivity using a scintillation counter. For thedetermination of maximum release, 1% Triton X100 is added. The degree ofcell lysis is calculated as follows: % Lysis=CPMexperimental±CPM#spontaneous/CPM# total±CPM spontaneous. Incubation oflabeled cells with serum (diluted 1:30) from non-immunized rabbits doesnot result in cell lysis (<10%). However, incubation of cells with serumfrom immunized rabbits causes 80% cell lysis. Inactivation of complementin the serum by heat treatment (56° C. for 30 minutes) renders the serumfrom immunized rabbits inactive. These results demonstrate thathumanized antibodies produced by genetically engineered rabbits bind toHBsAg-positive cells and cause complement dependent lysis.

EXAMPLE 17 Immunization of Transgenic Animals against Staphylococcusaureus

Genetically engineered chickens are immunized intramuscularly with arecombinant fragment of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen adhesinprotein (100 μg in incomplete Freund's adjuvant) on day 0, 14 and day28. On day 35 animals are bled and serum is prepared. ELISA plates(NUNC, Denmark) are coated with 2 μg/ml collagen adhesin protein in PBSfor 1 hour at room temperature. Subsequently, available binding sitesare blocked by incubation with 1% non-fat dry milk (NFM) in PBS (300μl/well). Chicken serum is diluted in PBS/1% NFM and added to the coatedwells. After an incubation of 1 hour, the plates are washed 3 times withPBS/0.05% Tween 20 and bound Ig is detected using goat anti-human Igconjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Conjugated goat antibody isdetected using o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (Sigma) at 1 mg/ml.The calorimetric reaction is stopped by addition of 1 M HCl solution andthe absorbance is measured at 490 nm. As a control, serum fromnon-immunized chicken is used. Serum from non-immunized chickens doesnot react with collagen adhesin protein. At a dilution of 1:250 theoptical density measured in uncoated and collagen adhesin protein coatedwells is below 0.2. In contrast, serum from immunized chickens containshumanized antibodies reactive with collagen adhesin. At a serum dilutionof 1:250 the measured optical density is 2.3. Upon further dilution ofthe serum the measured optical density declines to 0.1 (at a dilution of25600). No antibodies reactive with a goat anti-chicken IgG-HRPconjugate can be detected. This demonstrates that the geneticallyengineered chickens produce humanized anti-Staph. aureus collagenadhesin antibodies following immunization.

Genetically engineered rabbits are immunized intramuscularly withrecombinant fragment of the Staphylococcus aureus collagen adhesinprotein (100 μg in incomplete Freund's adjuvant) on day 0 and day 14. Onday 35 animals are bled and serum is prepared. ELISA plates (NUNC,Denmark) are coated with 2 μg/ml collagen adhesin protein in PBS for 1hour at room temperature. Subsequently, available binding sites areblocked by incubation with 1% non-fat dry milk (NFM) in PBS (300μl/well). Rabbit serum is diluted in PBS/1% NFM and added to the coatedwells. After an incubation of 1 hour, the plates are washed 3 times withPBS/0.05% Tween 20 and bound Ig is detected using goat anti-human Igconjugated with horseradish peroxidase. Conjugated goat antibody isdetected using o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (Sigma) at 1 mg/ml.The colorimetric reaction is stopped by addition of 1 M HCl solution andthe absorbance is measured at 490 nm. As a control, serum fromnon-immunized rabbit is used. Serum from non-immunized rabbits does notreact with collagen adhesin protein. At a dilution of 1:250 the opticaldensity measured in uncoated and collagen adhesin protein coated wellsis below 0.2. In contrast, serum from immunized rabbits containshumanized antibodies reactive with collagen adhesin. At a serum dilutionof 1:250 the measured optical density is 2.3. Upon further dilution ofthe serum the measured optical density declines to 0.1 (at a dilution of25600). No antibodies reactive with a goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP conjugatecan be detected. This demonstrates that the genetically engineeredrabbits produce humanized anti-Staph. aureus collagen adhesin antibodiesfollowing immunization.

EXAMPLE 18 Protection Against Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in a MouseModel

Naive mice are passively immunized i.p. on day -1 with 16 mg of theimmunoglobulin fraction containing antibodies specific for the S. aureuscollagen adhesin protein (from Example 17) or with the immunoglobulinfraction from non-immunized animals. On day 0, the mice are challengedi.v. with 4×10⁷ CFU S. aureus per mouse and mortality is monitored overthe next 7 days. Mortality rate in the control groups is 80% and 10% inthe group treated with the immunoglobulin fraction containing antibodiesspecific for the S. aureus collagen adhesin protein. The data indicatethat anticollagen adhesin antibodies can protect mice against lethal S.aureus challenge.

EXAMPLE 19 Antigen-Specific Hybridomas Made from Transgenic Animals

Transgenic animals are immunized with an antigen (e.g., KLH, human redblood cells or sheep red blood cells). Spleen cells are removed atvarious times after immunization and fused with myeloma cell linesderived from rabbit and chicken, respectively. After fusion cells areplated into 96 well plates and supernatants are tested for the presenceof humanized antibodies. To demonstrate that the antibodies containhuman immunoglobulin sequences, hybridomas are stained withfluorescent-labeled antibodies reactive with human heavy and light chainimmunoglobulins. Limiting dilution is conducted to purify hybridomas tomonoclonality.

EXAMPLE 20 Evaluation of Immunogenicity

Serum samples are collected from five cynomologous monkeys on day 0.Subsequently, a purified partially human polyclonal antibody preparation(5 mg/kg) is administered into five cynomologous monkeys by intravenousadministration. The administration is repeated six times in bi-weeklyintervals. Monkeys are monitored closely for any side-effects (e.g.,anaphylactic shock, reflected by an elevated body temperature). Afterseven months serum is collected from blood samples. Affinity resinscontaining purified human IgG or partially human IgG are produced bystandard procedure using CNBr-activated Sepharose. Monkey serum samples(3 ml) are added to the IgG-affinity resin (4 ml) containing 10 mg humanor partially human IgG. Subsequently, the columns are washed with PBS.Bound monkey immunoglobulin is eluted from the column with 0.1Mglcyin/HCl pH2.5 and dialyzed 2 times against PBS. The protein contentof the eluted fractions is determined using the BCA assay using humanIgG as a standard. The total amounts of protein in these fractionsdemonstrate that therapy with partially human IgG does not lead to asignificant antibody response in the treated animals.

EXAMPLE 21 Treating Animals Using Humanized Antibodies

Humanized polyclonal immunoglobulins are purified from the serum ofgenetically engineered rabbits, or from egg yolk of geneticallyengineered chickens, by ammonium sulfate precipitation and ion exchangechromatography. SCID-mice are injected with one million human livercarcinoma cells expressing HBsAg. Subsequently, 25 μg immunoglobulin isinjected peritoneally once per day. Animals treated with antibodiesisolated from non-immunized rabbit serum die after about 60 days. Thisis similar to untreated recipients of liver carcinoma cells. Incontrast, mice treated with antibodies isolated from immunized rabbitserum survive for more than 150 days. This demonstrates that humanantibodies produced in genetically engineered rabbits are capable ofeliminating human carcinoma cells from SCID-mice.

1. A humanized immunoglobulin molecule comprising at least a portion ofa human immunoglobulin heavy chain constant (C) region, and variableregion amino acids sequences encoded by more than one immunoglobulinvariable (V) gene segment.
 2. The humanized immunoglobulin molecule ofclaim 1 which is derived from a nonhuman transgenic animal relyingprimarily on gene conversion and/or somatic hypermutation to generateantibody diversity.
 3. The humanized immunoglobulin molecule of claim 2wherein said transgenic animal is a rabbit, chicken, sheep or cow. 4.The humanized immunoglobulin molecule of claim 1 wherein said humanimmunoglobulin heavy chain C region sequence is a C_(γ), C_(κ), or C_(λ)sequence.
 5. The humanized immunoglobulin molecule of any one of claims1-4, which is specific for an antigen.
 6. The humanized immunoglobulinmolecule of claim 5, wherein said antigen is a microorganism selectedfrom bacterium, fungus, or virus; an antigenic portion of said organism;an antigenic molecule derived from said microorganism; or atumor-associated antigen.
 7. The humanized immunoglobulin molecule ofclaim 6, wherein said bacterium is selected from S. aureus, Pseudomonasaeruginosa, enterococcus, enterobacter, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. 8.The humanized immunoglobulin molecule of claim 6, wherein said fungus isselected from Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis, Candidatropicalis, and Cryptococcus neoformans.
 9. The humanized immunoglobulinmolecule of claim 6, wherein said virus is selected from respiratorysynctial virus (RSV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Hepatitis virus (HBV),cytomegalovirus (CMV), EBV, and HSV.
 10. The humanized immunoglobulinmolecule of claim 6, wherein said antigen is selected from Her-2-neuantigen, CD20, CD22, CD53, prostate specific membrane antigen (PMSA),and 17-1A molecule.
 11. A monoclonal antibody preparation comprising ahumanized immunoglobulin molecule of claim
 5. 12. A monoclonal antibodypreparation comprising a humanized immunoglobulin molecule of any one ofclaims 6-10.
 13. The monoclonal antibody preparation of claim 11 whichis substantially non-immunogenic to human.
 14. The monoclonal antibodypreparation of claim 12 which is substantially non-immunogenic to human.15. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and the monoclonal antibody preparation of claim 11.16. A pharmaceutical composition, comprising a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and the monoclonal antibody preparation of claim 12.17. A method of treating a disease in a human subject comprisingadministering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of apharmaceutical composition of claim
 15. 18. The method of claim 17wherein said disease is caused by bacterial, fungal or viral infection,or said disease is a cancer.